It is recommended that the path/user/password/arguments are utf-8, but not mandatory, and not everyone respects that. The parameters part (after the first ?) is passed "as is" (after %XX unescapeing) to some server-side application thing (php, asp, jsp, cgi), and how that interprets the bytes is another story). What is the encoding of these bytes is difficult to know (is interpreted by the http server).
They are escaped (as %XX), but those are just bytes. The path (after the first /), the user name and the password can again be everything. The DNS entry is governed by IDN (International Domain Names) rules, and can contain (most) of the Unicode characters. There are several areas in a full URL, and each one might has different rules.
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